Food Fraud, Food Loss, and Waste in Informal Markets: Unexplored Drivers and Policy Implications in Nigeria

Abstract

Food fraud, loss, and waste threaten food security and public health in Nigeria's informal markets, where weak regulation and socio-economic stress persist. Despite their central role in the food supply chain, these markets remain understudied, and policies often overlook their specific risks. This study critically reviews literature, policy reports, and case studies to examine the drivers and impacts of food fraud, loss, and waste. It focuses on socio-economic and cultural contributors, regulatory gaps, and market practices. Common fraudulent practices include adulteration, mislabelling, and substitution, posing health risks. Loss and waste are driven by poor infrastructure, weak logistics, and cultural attitudes. The economic toll includes higher consumer costs, producer losses, and eroded trust. Climate change and inequality worsen these issues. The study calls for stricter enforcement, better consumer education, and investment in infrastructure. A coordinated approach involving local communities, private actors, and global partners is essential for building a safer, more resilient food system.