Optimized Basic-Assisted Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Mango and Neem Leaves: Prospects for Pharmaceutical and Biofuel Applications

Abstract

This study investigates the bioactive chemical composition of mango (Mangifera indica) and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The objective was to analyze their phytochemical constituents and explore their pharmaceutical, industrial, and environmental applications. The leaves were collected, dried, and extracted using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst through basic hydrolysis, which enhanced the release of bioactive compounds. GC- MS analysis identified 28 bioactive compounds in mango leaves and 20 compounds in neem leaves, including fatty acids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and sterols. In mango leaves, 9,12-Octadecadienoyl chloride (34.83 %), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (12.64 %), palmitic acid ethyl ester (8.15 %), hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.57 %), and linoleic acid ethyl ester (5.77 %) were the most abundant compounds. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and biodiesel-related properties. Neem leaf extract revealed 1,3-Cyclobutanedione (26.68 %), 9,12,15- Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester (11.25 %), hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (10.64 %), 9,12- Octadecadienoic acid(6.31 %), and phytol (2.57 %) as dominant compounds. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal activities, reinforcing neem's traditional medicinal applications. The results confirm that mango and neem leaves have significant pharmacological and industrial potential. The presence of bioactive compounds suggests applications in medicine (anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial), cosmetics (moisturizers, antioxidants), and biofuels (biodiesel production). The use of NaOH hydrolysis improved extraction efficiency, increasing the yield of valuable compounds. This study highlights the sustainable utilization of mango and neem leaves for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes, promoting eco-friendly and cost-effective applications.